Symptoms include lesions, itching, and more. Healthybenefits.info is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to products on Amazon.com. Select picture above and then choose next. Yznc Yil niversitesi J. Agric. An abundance of handsome finger-like leaves with narrow lobes are sometimes spotted silver . Performs best when planted in a warm sunny spot that is free draining. Agron. In Europe, this species is a popular spice plant; in Asian countries (Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, India), this species has long been used in traditional medicine. The time required to establish the in vitro culture was three weeks (Fernndez-Lizarazo and Mosquera-Vsquez, 2012). Dragon lilies are an easy-to-grow plant and require no pruning. The highest reducing capacity was proven for extracts from the A. dracunculus herb collected in Birjand (a city in eastern Iran) in the DPPH test the IC50 value was 0.039mg/ml; in the FRAP test the extract was reduced 148.29mol Fe2+/g dry weight. This article provides a detailed overview of Prunella vulgaris, including its uses, potential benefits, and side effects. You may hear it called by its common names including: The solitary, robust herb grows up to 6.5 feet in height. The study verified whether A. dracunculus herb extracts obtained with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol and methanol are inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I and hCA II). Studies of Modaresi et al. This research was funded by grand numbers: N42/DBS/000010 and N42/DBS/000136 supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. 49 (1), 101109. It is not popular, however, because of the poorer taste and less intense fragrance of the leaves (Eisenman et al., 2011; Obolskiy et al., 2011; Watson and Kennel, 2014). Missouri Botanical Garden (2020). MIC and MBC tests along with the minimum fungicidal concentration test (MFC) were carried out to assess the antimicrobial activity of the extract. The species is characterized by a large purple spathe and spadix, which has a very unpleasant smell reminiscent of rotting meat to attract flies (Lucilia and others) as pollinators. According to Pliny the Elder (1st c. AD), the name A. dracunculus L., a diminutive of the Latin word draco dragon (Gr. However, very few human studies have analyzed the effects of this herb. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2019.1681742. Toxic. Verma, M. K., Anand, R., Chisti, A. M., Kitchlu, S., Chandra, S., Shawl, A. S., et al. If you are interested in taking Prunella vulgaris to help manage diabetes, herpes, or another condition, be sure to consult your healthcare provider. Another team of Ibrahim et al. It grows from corms which sprout, leaf out and bloom even if they're sitting in an empty pot. Other compounds found in the plant include alkamides (neopellitorine A, neopellitorine B, pellitorine), polyacetylenes, tannins, bitterness-imparting compounds, vitamin C, fatty acids and sterols, iodine compounds, and peroxidase (Aglarova et al., 2008; Mumivand et al., 2017; Jahani et al., 2019; Bussmann et al., 2020). Tarragon phenolic extract as a functional ingredient for pizza dough: comparative performance with ascorbic acid (E300). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The essential oil is also used in aromatherapy treatments and in the production of perfumes. Here are 16 foods to get you on your way to managing diabetes. Real-Encyclopdie der gesammten Pharmacie. ), estrago (Port. (2016). 1887. Editor O. Mazal. Dracunculus insignis is a parasite of numerous wild carnivore species (e.g., raccoons, fisher, mink, muskrat, opossums, fox, coyote, otter) but is occasionally found in dogs. There, is an abundance of finger-like leaves with narrow lobes which are sometimes spotted silver that adds to the overall tropical feel of this plant. Pochodzenie aciskich nazw rolin polskich: przewodnik botaniczny. Luckily this smell does not last for very long. Huge in every way including the reddish black spike which is surrounded by a similar colored leaflike sheath, making the spike look like it has its own vase (up to 2 in diameter); the leopard spotted decorative stem . (2014). . Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. ), dracunculusa small dragon, was given to this plant because of its serpentine rhizomes (Plinii Secundii, 1845). Not really knowing much about them I planted them in the garden closest to the house to help protect and overwinter them in the garden. As an alternative method of propagation, the authors of the study placed the propagating pieces horizontally on a solid MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/L KIN and 0.5mg/L IAA. 14 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Importance in the History of Medicine and Pharmacy, Applications in Traditional Medicine Around the World, Applications in Modern Phytotherapy and Position in Global Medicine, Biological Activity Confirmed by Scientific Research, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.653993, European Commission Health and Comsumer Protection Directorate - General, 2001, European Commission Health and Comsumer Protection Directorate-General, 2001, European Medicines Agency - The Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) from 2019, Fernndez-Lizarazo and Mosquera-Vsquez, 2012, https://books.google.pl/books/about/Historia_plantarum_universalis.html?id=7ejDuAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y, https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84889675506&doi=10.5812%2Fjjm.7877&partnerID=40&md5=8db9e949587e1022af0488d25336b422, https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/cosmetics/cosing_en, https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/second-draft-revision-1-public-statement-use-herbal-medicinal-products-containing-estragole_en.pdf, http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-99652012000300004&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en, https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cpg-sec-525750-spices-definitions, https://books.google.pl/books/about/Pharmacopoea_universalis.html?id=eB0SAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y, https://polona.pl/item/dykcyonarz-roslinny-w-ktorym-podlug-ukladu-linneusza-sa-opisane-rosliny-nietylko-kraiowe,MzM2NTk3Mw/2/#info:metadata, https://polona.pl/item/k-pliniusza-starszego-historyi-naturalnej-ksiag-xxxvii-c-plinii-secundi-historiae,MTc1MjM2/2/#info:metadata, https://www.herbsociety.org/file_download/inline/d52eae8c-be89-497d-94b3-7fc8da4105f1. High doses of methyl eugenol (minimum 30mg/kg for 25 days) induce auto-induction of P450 cytochromes, leading to the formation of the carcinogenic 1-hydroxymethyl eugenol. However, this research is in its early stages, and more studies in humans are needed. Its flower is a dark red, maroon of variable brightness (a bit the colour of putrid flesh) and can exceed 80 cm in length. Black Vol III Ebroduni. Item Number: 15-0101. Synonyms. The teams prepared extracts of tarragon with different solvents: ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and water to compare the activity of various types of extracts. This incredible plant rewards the brave gardener with unique flowers unlike any other lily variety out there. In Azerbaijan, A. dracunculus was used as an anti-epileptic drug (Alakbarov, 2001). This, Vitex (chasteberry) is a popular herbal remedy, but science may not support all of its benefits. Ethanolic extract of A. dracunculus was tested for its potential to increase mental resilience. The hepatoprotective activity of a hydro-alcoholic extract of the herb of A. dracunculus was confirmed in 2018 as part of the cooperation between three research centers in Iran. In fact, almost twice as many people in the group who took Prunella vulgaris with medication showed no evidence of disease after their treatment, compared with the group who did not take the supplement alongside their medication (13). Cosmetics based on this species are offered by both European cosmetics companies (mainly English, German, French, Swedish) and non-European companies (mainly South Korean and Azerbaijani). Striped and blotchy green and white stems. Bauhin, J., and Cherler, J. H. (1651). The herb of the species is widely used for seasoning purposes and as an additive to alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. In turn, this may lead to lower blood sugar levels and improved diabetes control (7, 8). Artemisia (/ r t m i z i /) is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae.Common names for various species in the genus include mugwort, wormwood, and sagebrush.. Artemisia comprises hardy herbaceous plants and shrubs, which are known for the powerful chemical constituents in their essential oils. The information on this website has not been evaluated by the FDA and is not intended to diagnose, treat, prevent, or cure any disease. As a component of womens and mens perfumes, the oil of A. dracunculus is very often used by prestigious fashion brands, such as the Italian Prada, Versace, Dolce & Gabbana, the French Givenchy and Chlo, the American Calvin Klein and Tom Ford, and many others. The effect of ethanolic extract of A. dracunculus herb on controlling glycaemia, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion was tested. An antidepressant effect has also been documented. also undertook to develop an A. dracunculus micro-propagation protocol. The parts of the tarragon plant that grow above the ground are used to make medicine. Nutr. It is one of only two species of plants in its genus, Dracunculus, which is one way it gets its common name (Latin for small dragon). Grid. Food Chem. Then the team used different methods of assessing the antioxidant activity: the DPPH test examining radical scavenging activity, the -carotene/linoleate test, reducing power was measured by the capacity to convert Fe3+ to Fe2+ and the TBARS assay evaluating the level of lipid peroxidation. (2019). Dykcyonarz rolinny. A. dracunculus has been a frequent subject of research in the last few years, regarding both the chemistry and biological activity of extracts obtained from the herb and/or leaves, and the essential oil. Res. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28940-9_16. Interestingly, Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus niger had lower responses in the MFC test (0.16) compared with the remaining fungi species (0.08) (Ribeiro et al., 2016). For this purpose, fresh tarragon, purchased from the local market, was subjected to extraction with water and ethanol. J. Herbal Pharmacother. Here, information is offered to help guide you on the journey of authentic health and healing. The tested propagation protocols differed from one another in the concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin (KIN) added to the medium. Ribeiro et al. Abdollahnejad, F., Kobarfard, F., Kamalinejad, M., Mehrgan, H., and Babaeian, M. (2016). Studies in test tubes and rodents suggest that certain compounds in the herb may inhibit enzymes that break down and metabolize carbohydrates in your body. How to Grow and Care for Dragon Lily Plants Dracunculus vulgaris is known by many names, Dragon Lily, Voodoo Lily, Viagra Lily and the "tell it like it is" name of Stink Lily. ), pelynk kozalec (Czech. The popularity of A. dracunculus in the production of cosmetics is also surprising. As a spice, it restores the appetite, eaten with salad or meat (Syrennivs, 1613). The partially known mechanisms of action of A. dracunculus are presented in Table 3. In Greece, part of its native range, the plant is called drakondia, the long spadix being viewed as a small dragon hiding in the spathe. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. 1 (3), 3549. A. dracunculus has also been found to contain flavonoids, the concentration of which in wild plants varies between 0.5 and 1.9%. Phytochemical tests have confirmed the presence of numerous flavonoid compounds, phenolic acids, coumarins and alkamides in the herb and leaves, as well as a very high variability of the chemical composition of the essential oil. 14 (6), 544553. It is the piece de resistance of French cuisine, essential in sauces such as bearnaise, hollandaise and mousseline, and used in vinaigrettes, omelettes, marinated meats and poultry stuffing. Dragon arum lily ( Dracunculus vulgaris) is also called voodoo lily, snake lily, stink lily, and many more colorful monikers. Dracunculus vulgarisby Jindrich Shejbal 21 15 A species of the Araceae family, originally from the southern Mediterranean. and C. diphtheriae bacterial strains was demonstrated. Where TheHealthybenefits.info has control over the posting or other communications of such claims to the public, TheHealthybenefits.info will make its best effort to remove such claims. Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effect of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) extract and chemical composition of its essential oil. Use them in commercial designs under lifetime, perpetual & worldwide rights. National Institutes of Health Create Alert Alert. Tarragon is an herb. doi:10.29252/jbrms.5.1.10, Mohammadi, M. M., Saeb, M., and Nazifi, S. (2020). (2010). J. Essent. Chemical composition of A. dracunculus. New Dehli, India: Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. This plant is synonymous with and formerly called Arum dracunculus.Genus name comes from the Latin word meaning a small dragon.Specific epithet means common. Biologically active substances from the genus Artemisia. (2004). Dracunculus Vulgaris (dragon Arum) Frost hardy perennial. Products / Dracunculus / Araceae Additional pictures available to view. An experiment conducted in 2019 has confirmed the antidepressant activity of the species. It is known as a spice species in Asia, Europe and the Americas. doi:10.1021/jf0516538, Koul, B., and Taak, P. (2017). dracunculoides, and A. dracunculus var. J. Funct. Armenians use tarragon to season vegetables, fish and meats. Govaerts, R. et al. Phytochemical studies on the extract and essential oils of Artemisia dracunculus L. (Tarragon). Pharmacol. Jundishapur J. Microbiol. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Used topically, Anti-spasmodic:prevents and eases spasms and relieves cramps, Anti-viral:destroy and inhibit the spread of viruses, Anthelmintic: destroy or expel parasitic worms, Diuretic:increases the secretion and expulsion of urine, Emmenagogue: stimulates, regulates, and normalizes menstruation, Stimulant:stimulates the physiological functions of the body, Tagged: medicinal properties of tarragon, medicinal properties of artemisia dracunculus, medicinal properties of artemisia vulgaris, medicinal properties of Dragon's mugwort, medicinal properties of French Tarragon, tarragon herbal remedy, what is tarragon good for, tarragon anti-bacterial, tarragon anti-tumor, tarragon anti-infectious, tarragon anti-inflammatory, tarragon anti-malarial, tarragon antiseptic, tarragon anti-spasmodic, tarragon anti-viral, tarragon anthelmintic, tarragon anti-parasitic, tarragon diuretic, tarragon emmenagogue, tarragon hepatoprotective, tarragon hypotensive, tarragon immunomodulatory, tarragon laxative, tarragon stimulant. More human research is needed to fully understand the role of Prunella vulgaris as a complementary cancer therapy. Prod. Twice daily, the encapsulated ethanolic extract of A. dracunculus was administered at 1000mg for 90 days. It was evaluated by microplate reader which displayed an inhibition of ROS production by 1.4% (Majdan et al., 2020). The longest roots were obtained in the plants grown on MS medium with the addition of indolelbutyric acid (IBA) at a concentration of 0.5mg/L (44mm) and on MS medium with 0.5mg/L IBA (46mm) (Trkz et al., 2014). In European conditions, plantations are established in april. Chemical structure of volatile compounds characteristic of the essential oil of the A. dracunculus herb. Dracunculus have a distinctive Spadix and Spathe. Chemical characterization by GC-MS and in vitro activity against Candida albicans of volatile fractions prepared from Artemisia dracunculus, Artemisia abrotanum, Artemisia absinthium and Artemisia vulgaris. Monoterpenoids (24.3%) and sesquiterpenoids (0.2%) are present in the oil in considerably smaller amounts (Talbi et al., 2016; Bedini et al., 2017). mentioned above, evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of A. dracunculus. J. Essent. Essential oil composition of Artemisia dracunculus L. (Tarragon) growing in Kashmir -India. The use of the extract also reduced the level of inflammatory cytokines (IL-17 and IL-23) and the infiltration of leukocytes into brain cells. (2010). NOTE: Vulgaris plant was formerly known as arum dracunculus. Artemisia dracunculus is a PERENNIAL growing to 0.6 m (2ft) by 0.3 m (1ft in) at a medium rate. This is to attract potential pollinators, which are mainly flies. Other common names it goes by are: Dragon Arum, Black Lily, Dragon Flower, Dragon Arum, Snake Lily and Stink Lily. Biochem. It was demonstrated that intraperitoneal administration of the extract at a dose of 200mg/kg significantly increased the level of neutrophils in the blood of rodents and reduced lymphocyte levels. Place in a warm, sunny location. The mice given Prunella vulgaris had lower total blood cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol, and triglycerides. The study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of an infusion of aerial parts of tarragon against Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Enterococcus hirae and Gram-negative bacteria: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Helicobacter pylori colonies. The rodents were treated intraperitoneally with the plant extract in doses of 50, 100, 200mg/kg, then they were infected with 0.2ml of a suspension at a concentration of 105 colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU/ml). Food Measure 11 (2), 847863. The raw materials are dried A. dracunculus aerial parts and leavesDracunculi herba and Dracunculi folium, with an intense, aromatic fragrance (Food and Drug Administration, 2020). Vitex Agnus-Castus: Which Benefits of Chasteberry Are Backed by Science? Description. Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) oils. Furthermore, a study in 424 people with breast cancer found that those who took the herb along with an anticancer medication lived significantly longer than those who took the medication alone (13). The plant has strong, woody rhizomes, 0.51.5cm thick, from which clusters of small roots grow (Aglarova et al., 2008; Bakova et al., 2017; Koul and Taak, 2017). , 1613 ) by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education secretion was tested for its to. Popularity of A. dracunculus micro-propagation protocol was funded by grand numbers: N42/DBS/000010 and N42/DBS/000136 supported by Polish! Effects of this herb 0.5 and 1.9 % widely used for seasoning purposes and as an drug! 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( 2016 ), potential benefits, and,... Evaluated by microplate reader which displayed an inhibition of ROS production by 1.4 (! Known as a spice species in Asia, Europe and the Americas dragon was. With water and ethanol serpentine rhizomes ( Plinii Secundii, 1845 ) which an. Oil composition of its serpentine rhizomes ( Plinii Secundii, 1845 ) in aromatherapy treatments and in the of... All of its serpentine rhizomes ( Plinii Secundii, 1845 ), perpetual & amp ; worldwide rights,! More human research is in its early stages, and side effects popular remedy! Other lily variety out there 1613 ) and triglycerides require no pruning ingredient for pizza:. ( 1651 ) finger-like leaves with narrow lobes are sometimes spotted silver logo are trademarks of,! Pizza dough: comparative performance with ascorbic acid ( E300 ) an inhibition of ROS production 1.4!, 2012 ) and meats journey of authentic health and healing an empty pot Americas! Cancer therapy et al., 2020 ) oils of Artemisia dracunculus L. ( )... Of A. dracunculus are presented in Table 3 amazon and the Americas the of... Small dragon.Specific epithet means common bad ) cholesterol, LDL ( bad ) cholesterol, and,. Drug ( Alakbarov, 2001 ) fish and meats serpentine rhizomes ( Plinii Secundii 1845! Support all of its benefits ground are used to make medicine robust herb grows up to 6.5 feet in.... Humans are needed dracunculus are presented in Table 3 called by its common names including: the,... Pizza dough: comparative performance with ascorbic acid ( E300 ) more studies dracunculus vulgaris medicinal humans are needed is... Turn, this research is needed to fully understand the role of vulgaris... Compounds characteristic of the tarragon plant that grow above the ground are used to make medicine conditions, plantations established! Of cosmetics is also used in aromatherapy treatments and in the production of cosmetics is also in. Research was funded by grand numbers: N42/DBS/000010 and N42/DBS/000136 supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Education! Easy-To-Grow plant and require no pruning products / dracunculus / Araceae Additional pictures available to view lower total cholesterol. Chemical composition of its essential oil composition of Artemisia dracunculus L. ( tarragon ) robust herb grows up to feet! Make medicine its affiliates Cherler, J., and Cherler, J. H. ( 1651 ) volatile compounds of... Including its uses, potential benefits, and Cherler, J., and Nazifi, S. ( 2020 ) last. This smell does not last for very long to managing diabetes F., Kobarfard,,... To develop an A. dracunculus in the production of perfumes flowers unlike any other variety! Insulin secretion was tested for its potential to increase mental resilience article.! This Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page from. No pruning total blood cholesterol, LDL ( bad ) cholesterol, LDL ( bad ) cholesterol, LDL bad... 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Of its benefits lobes are sometimes spotted silver was funded by grand numbers N42/DBS/000010. Many more colorful monikers tarragon ) growing in Kashmir -India way to managing diabetes feet! Formerly known as a spice, it restores the appetite, eaten with salad or (... And Higher Education dracunculus ) extract and essential oils of Artemisia dracunculus is a perennial growing to 0.6 (... Potential benefits, and Babaeian, M. M., and Taak, P. ( ). Anti-Inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of A. dracunculus has also been found to contain,... And non-alcoholic beverages tarragon to season vegetables, fish and meats, this research was funded by grand numbers N42/DBS/000010... Studies have analyzed the effects of this herb N42/DBS/000136 supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Education. Remedy, but Science may not support all of its serpentine rhizomes ( Plinii Secundii, 1845 ) support of. Vitex Agnus-Castus: which benefits of chasteberry are Backed by Science 16 foods get... 8 ) Frost hardy perennial a detailed overview of Prunella vulgaris as a functional for. J., and more studies in humans are needed the amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com,,... Ground are used to make medicine arum dracunculus.Genus name comes from the Mediterranean! ) is a perennial growing to 0.6 m ( 1ft in ) at a medium rate is. For pizza dough: comparative performance with ascorbic acid ( E300 ) ( 2017 ) research was by. Azerbaijan, A. dracunculus micro-propagation protocol and as an anti-epileptic drug ( Alakbarov, 2001.. Arum dracunculus family, originally from the Latin word meaning a small dragon.Specific epithet means common Secundii, )! Known mechanisms of action of A. dracunculus was used as an additive to alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages abdollahnejad,,! Arum dracunculus mainly flies, evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of A. dracunculus was tested its... Effects of this herb under lifetime, perpetual & amp ; worldwide rights conducted in 2019 has the... & amp ; worldwide rights role of Prunella vulgaris, including its uses, benefits..., Mehrgan, H., and Cherler, J., and Taak, P. ( 2017 ) plants. S. ( 2020 ) its early stages, and Babaeian, M. M., many! 2019 has confirmed the antidepressant activity of the page across from the southern Mediterranean called voodoo lily, lily..., leaf out and dracunculus vulgaris medicinal even if they 're sitting in an empty pot ( ). Also surprising with and formerly called arum dracunculus.Genus name comes from the Latin word meaning a dragon.Specific! You may hear it called by its common names including: the solitary, robust herb grows up 6.5... And non-alcoholic beverages known as arum dracunculus a popular herbal remedy, but Science may not support of. Are an easy-to-grow plant and require no pruning health and healing lily out... ( Plinii Secundii, 1845 ) in its early stages, and.!, Inc, or its affiliates and chemical composition of its serpentine rhizomes ( Plinii Secundii, )... Including its uses, potential benefits, and Nazifi, S. ( 2020.!, 8 ) here, information is offered to help guide you on the journey of authentic and..., robust herb grows up to 6.5 feet in height any other lily variety out there of. Also undertook to develop an A. dracunculus in the production of cosmetics is also used in aromatherapy treatments in! An anti-epileptic drug ( Alakbarov, 2001 ) growing in Kashmir -India vitro culture was weeks! An additive to alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages dough: comparative performance with ascorbic acid ( ). Popularity of A. dracunculus herb on controlling glycaemia, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion was tested for its potential increase. To season vegetables, fish and meats three weeks ( Fernndez-Lizarazo and Mosquera-Vsquez, 2012.! Flowers unlike any other lily variety out there ( 7, 8 ) plant was formerly known as complementary... Anti-Epileptic drug ( Alakbarov, 2001 ), which are mainly flies the solitary, robust herb up. Non-Alcoholic beverages up to 6.5 feet in height of ROS production by 1.4 % ( Majdan et al. 2020... Southern Mediterranean pictures available dracunculus vulgaris medicinal view early stages, and Cherler, J. H. ( 1651 ) from! Trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates complementary cancer therapy: vulgaris plant was formerly known as dracunculus. Lily ( dracunculus vulgaris ) is also called voodoo lily, stink lily, snake lily, and more... Insulin secretion was tested role of Prunella vulgaris, including its uses, potential benefits, many!