The city of Edfu is known also by several other names. It took Chassinet 40 years to complete this colossal task. By the end of the 4 th century AD, however, the temple was abandoned, following the banning of paganism throughout the Roman Empire by the Emperor Theodosius . In this hall is an altar, on which the daily offerings of fruit, flowers, wine, milk, and other foods were placed. Horus and Isis capturing the Hippopotamus-fiend. For instance, archaeological excavations in the western and northern parts of the town have uncovered material from the earlier periods of the towns occupation. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? however, Set managed to escape, and he gathered about him the Smai and Seba fiends at the Lake of Meh, and waged war once more against Horus; the enemies of Ra were again defeated, and Horus slew them in the presence of his father. Now by some means or other Set came to life again, and he took the form of a mighty hissing or "roaring" serpent, and hid himself in the ground, in a place which was ever after called the "place of the roarer." One of the scenes in the relief depicts the Feast of the Beautiful Meeting, which was an annual fertility festival celebrating the reunion of Horus of Edfu and Hathor (his wife) of Dendera. English texts from previous contests. tvtta bt med hgtryckstvtt; Uncategorized; edfu texts translation pdf; April 24, 2022 . The pharaoh is shown holding his enemies by their hair and is about to strike them. The temple gateway is also adorned with reliefs of Horus, who watches the pharaoh as he punishes his enemies. Temple of Horus. As a consequence of its burial, the Temple of Edfu is one of the best-preserved temples in Egypt. Perhaps the events mentioned in the Edfu Texts occurred in such a distant past, archaeological evidence can no longer be obtained. (see the English translation p. 69 ff.). Juvenes Translatores Deutsch. The Texts: 3.000 pages of hieroglyphs The French egyptologist Emile Chassinat (1868-1948) laid the first reliable foundations for future research on the Edfu texts when he copied and published all inscriptions and scenes from the temple walls. Strange Tale Of Mysterious Thousand-Year-Old Underground Network Of Caves And Encounters With Subterranean Dwellers, Unexplained Mystery Of The Glowing Woman Who Baffled Scientists, A Merging Galactic Trio Viewed By Hubble Space Telescope, Unknown Class Of Water-Rich Asteroids Identified, Evolution Mystery Mini-Proteins In Human Organs Appeared From Nowhere, New Quantum Sensing Technique Reveals Magnetic Connections, Detailed View Of Oblong Asteroid Captured By NASAs Planetary Radar, Researchers Discover Unique Way Snakes Replace Their Teeth, Tadpole Molecular Cloud Appears To Be Playing Around Black Hole, Ripples In The Fabric Of The Universe May Reveal The Start Of Time. One thing is the Edfu Texts however, I can't seem to find translations that parts of his Egyptian research hinges upon. The inner hypostyle hall is the oldest part of the Temple of Edfu and is known also as the Festival Hall. The magnificent columns of the Temple of Edfu. and it is probable that the facts recorded in it are fragments of actual history, which the Egyptians of the late period tried to piece together in chronological order. Each of the three sides of the courtyard is surrounded by 32 columns. Practice texts for translation. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. Although the construction of the Temple of Edfu began in 237 BC, it was not completed by the time of Ptolemy IIIs death. Despite the end of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Temple of Edfu continued to flourish during the Roman period. A translation of the inscriptions of the pylon (gate) including transcriptions and a commentary was published in 1998 (Edfou VIII). The Horus temple text have been published in their entirety, and the construction and descriptions of different sections of that temple were recorded in the dedication texts. 1. (Konstantin / AdobeStock). After passing through the pylon, one would arrive in the peristyle hall (known also as the Court of Offerings), which is an open courtyard. 1922. To save content items to your account, A great fight took place, the enemies of Ra were defeated with great slaughter, and Horus dragged 381 prisoners on to the Boat of Ra, where he slew them, and gave their bodies to his followers. A German translation by Brugsch appeared in the Ahandlungen der Gttinger Akademie, Band xiv., pp. The Ptolemies were not only facing internal problems, but external ones as well. The object of reciting these spells was to prevent the monsters which were in the river from making the waves to rise and from stirring up storms which might engulf the boats of Ra and Horus and the Blacksmiths. In this part, this paper will take the article Translation of Granny Liu's Characte-ristic Language: A Comparative Study of the Two English Version of Hong Lou Meng [2] by Xu Mengyang as an example for case study. Apart from that, the Edfu Texts also contain religious ideas that were transmitted form earlier ages. Based on Chassinats Egyptologists and other scientists were able to study the Edfu texts and their secrets. It consists of 65 columns of text in 8 panels, each introduced by an offering scene, lower register (above base) of the external face of the eastern enclosure wall, starting from the northern extremity (PM 6.167.337344 third register, plan p. 130). Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. Egypts native temples benefitted greatly from Ptolemy IIIs rule. The gateway rises to a height of 36 m (118 ft). Edfu Temple. Though the ceiling is undecorated, the side walls contain reliefs, including those depicting the foundation ceremony of the temple, and the deification of Horus. Although the study of the Edfu Texts began when Mariette was excavating the temple, the early publications were not very accurate, as a consequence of the poor working conditions at the time. Language: Hieroglyphic Translated by: M. Rihan Format: see key to translations Pasas belonged to a prominent Egyptian/Greek family in Edfu; see AET_5.8. The city, which is situated on the west bank of the Nile, is world famous for its temple, which was built during the Ptolemaic period. Mount Hua Trail: Where 100 People Plummet to Their Deaths Every Year. We must remember that the legend assumes that Ra, was still reigning on earth, though he was old and feeble, and had probably deputed his power to his successor, whom the legend regards as his son. Graphic writing of fractions 60 and 80 only used in the donations suggests that the intermediate manuscript was written in the hieratic script. 52. PLATE XIII. ACCORDING TO THE USE OF EDFU By A. M. BLACKMAN and H. W. FAIRMAN THE two texts which are the subject of this article form part of the frieze-decoration on the exterior of the east and west walls of the Outer Hypostyle Hall of the temple of Horus at Edfu,a Text I being on the west, and Text II on the east, wall.b Published as Reymonds research and conclusions are interesting and worthy of further discussion. An analysis of the corpus of scholia and marginalia demonstrates specific manufacturing proclivities for selective groups of texts, while simultaneously revealing a wide variety of possible construction sequences and techniques in others. Click to enlarge The city, which is situated on the west bank of the Nile, is world famous for its temple, which was built during the Ptolemaic period.The Temple of Edfu , dedicated to the god Horus, is the second largest temple in Egypt.After the Roman period, the temple was gradually buried by desert sand, and silt from the Nile. During this Golden Age, only the Gods existed, and many world-forming events transpired. 2 Most Egyptologists dismiss Zep Tepi as a mythical story. Theraveda (or "School of Elders") texts. Edfu Texts Reliability? Although most of its inhabitants drowned, the few who managed to survive became the Builder Gods, who fashioned in the primeval time, the Lords of Light . The Temple of Edfu , dedicated to the god Horus, is the second largest temple in Egypt. The pylon records the glory of Horus, based on the transfer of Horus from Osiris and Re.1. The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg. One battle took place at Tchetmet, and another at Denderah, and Horus was always victorious; the enemies were caught by chains thrown over them, and the deadly spears of the Blacksmiths drank their blood. Nectanebo lived during the 4 th century BC, and it is believed that his naos shrine was saved from the earlier temple that occupied the site. Thither Horus and his well-armed Blacksmiths pursued them, and came up with them at the town. This temple was smaller than the current structure, and longer exists. Sorry, only registered users may post in this forum. THE RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS OF BONES IN TEXTS OF EDFU TEMPLE: Shedet: Article 6, Volume 7, Issue 7, 2020, Page 87-96 PDF (6.38 MB) Document Type: research articles: DOI: 10.21608/shedet.2020.137669: Author: Mohammed A. ELSAYED: Abstract: By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. The Horsemen of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa. Looking down from the height of heaven he was able to discover the whereabouts of the rebels, and he pursued them in the form of a winged disk. The first stone was laid on 23 August 237 BC and it is only a century later, on 10 September 142 BC, that the temple was officially consecrated in the presence of the King himself, Ptolemy VIII and his wife. In this state Horus dragged Set into the presence of Ra, who ascribed great praise to Horus, and special names were given to the palace of Horus and the high priest of the temple in commemoration of the event. Apart from its size and state of preservation, the Temple of Edfu is also notable for its large number of inscriptions, collectively known as the Edfu Texts, which seem to cover every available surface. Construction of the pylon gateway was initiated under the rule of Ptolemy IX Soter . Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and relief drawings on one of the walls of the Temple of Edfu complex which are all recorded in the Edfu Texts. Google Translate PDF Files for Free Access the Translate Document tool. In addition, there was a laboratory where incense, perfumes, and unguents were prepared. On our tour in October of 1999, we went to the Temple of Horus at Edfu and found the inscriptions on the walls ourselves. This part of the temple is divided into two parts: the outer hypostyle hall and the inner hypostyle hall. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. In addition, the quality of these translations was not consistent. Although construction of the inner hypostyle hall began during the time of Ptolemy III, it was only completed during the reign of his son, Ptolemy IV Philopator. PLATE XII. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. One of the them, however, lies on the ground, as it no longer has legs. "useRatesEcommerce": false Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. The construction of the temple took such a long time to complete due to the many nationalistic uprisings in Upper Egypt during that period which disrupted the construction process. 1. I'm a huge fan of Grahams work and am utterly convinced by most of the evidence he provides. Render date: 2023-03-02T08:28:34.467Z Over the centuries, desert sand and silt from the Nile covered the temple, eventually burying it entirely. Choose the language to translate from and to. SAK-43_Druck_x3_2014-12-15.pdf 4 Dezember 15, 2014 13:50:52 f Hibis Varia (1-3): Diverse Liturgical Texts from Hibis Temple David Klotz Abstract Miscellaneous texts from the inner chapels from Hibis Temple are better understood by considering textual parallels from other temples and papyri from the New Kingdom through the Ptolemaic Period. This doesnt necessarily imply these are merely mythical occurrences. [Online]Available at: https://adw-goe.de/en/research/completed-research-projects/akademienprog Lonely Planet, 2020. Feature Flags: { To save content items to your account, Today, a modern replica of the barque can be found in the Sanctuary, which gives visitors a good idea of how it would have looked like. The "Butcher-priest" slicing open the Hippopotamus-fiend. and a male hippopotamus were dragged on to the Boat of Ra, and there Horus dug out their entrails, and hacked their carcases in pieces, which he gave to his Blacksmiths and the gods who formed the crew of the Boat of Ra. In addition, there was a laboratory where incense, perfumes, and unguents were prepared. In every fight the Blacksmiths performed mighty deeds of valour, and in reward for their services a special district was allotted to them to dwell in. Dialogues of the Buddha, translated from the Pli by T. W. Rhys Davids. The Sanctuary is surrounded by a number of chapels and chambers dedicated to other gods, including Osiris, Ra, and Hathor. Reliefs in the Sanctuary depict Ptolemy IV worshipping Horus and Hathor. [But it] must be admitted that there is no scrap of archeological evidence that such temples ever existed in Memphis., Schoch and Bauval thinks the lack of archaeological evidence of predynastic or protodynastic temples in the Memphite region is simply because these were not temples as such but natural temple mounds and knolls considered sacred, on which eventually were built pyramids (i.e., those first temples referred to in the Edfu Texts). 4. [Online]Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/Idfu, The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2019. Apart from initiating the building the Temple of Edfu, Ptolemy III also made donations to many other temples, and restored the divine statues plundered from the temples by the Persians. In Babylonian myths and legends, they are referred to asApkallu. 5, In ancient India the Seven Sages were known as the Saptarishi. Reliefs in the Sanctuary depict Ptolemy IV worshipping Horus and Hathor. According to Reymond, the Seven Sages described by the Edfu Building Texts were enlightened survivors of a cataclysm that nearly destroyed Earth, who then proceeded to help facilitate the beginning of a new age, referred to as the First Time. Closeup of the god Horus statue in front of the pylon temple entranceway, Temple of Edfu: Main Architectural and Historical Features. By the time of Ptolemy XII, the fortunes of Ptolemaic Kingdom had waned, and it was no longer the mighty and prosperous state it once was. Credit: Adobe Stock - Konstantin This book listed the locations of sacred mounds along the Nile River as well as all the lesser mounds, or temples, along with the place where time began, the Great Primeval Mound. It was reputed in local legend to be the seat of the god Wotan and to be haunted. After that, the image was returned to the Sanctuary via a separate descending stairway. Due to the temples simple plan, the Temple of Edfu is considered to be the finest classic example of an ancient Egyptian temple. The great fact which he wished to describe is the conquest of Egypt by an early king, who, having subdued the peoples in the South, advanced northwards, and made all the people whom he conquered submit to his yoke. The ancient Egyptians, for instance, knew the city as Behdet, while the Greeks and Romans called it Apollonopolis. I believe that intellectual engagement by advocates from both ends of the spectrum would serve to enhance our understanding of the past. Im a university student doing a BA degree in Archaeology. Click to enlarge Can anybody help? Though the ceiling is undecorated, the side walls contain reliefs, including those depicting the foundation ceremony of the temple, and the deification of Horus. After these things Horus, son of Ra, and Horus, son of Isis, each took the form of a mighty man, with the face and body of a hawk, and each wore the Red and White Crowns, and each carried a spear and chain. We shall see as we read that the writer of the legend as we have it was not well acquainted with Egyptian history, and that in his account of the conquest of Egypt he has confounded one god with another, and mixed up historical facts with mythological legends to such a degree that his meaning is frequently uncertain. Closeup of the left side of Temple of Edfu pylon and its elaborate inscriptions (Walwyn / Flickr). Despite the end of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Temple of Edfu continued to flourish during the Roman period. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings . The extracts reproduced here give some of the dates, which were carefully recorded. Although the study of the Edfu Texts began when Mariette was excavating the temple, the early publications were not very accurate, as a consequence of the poor working conditions at the time. Ancient Desert Mystery Did Thousands Vanish Without A Trace Because Of An Ominous Prophecy And Revenge? Total loading time: 0 My interests range from conventional to radical interpretations of the archaeological/textual/pictorial data set. This is due to the fact that the Ptolemies built a new temple on the site of the older one. The peristyle hall is followed by the hypostyle hall, which is a roofed courtyard. The only element that remains of this New Kingdom temple is its pylon (a Greek term for the monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple), which is located to the east of the new temple, and faces the landing stage on the Nile. GrahamHancock.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to products on Amazon. This is an invaluable resource for modern scholars, as the texts have been used to help them understand older religious sources. Finally, a pair of granite statues of Horus in his falcon form flank the entrance of the temple. The ancient Egyptians believed that the god was re-energized by the heat and light of the Sun. Then enter the name part It took Chassinet 40 years to complete this colossal task. Horus (also known as Heru) was one of the most important deities in the ancient Egyptian pantheon . The construction of the temple took such a long time to complete due to the many nationalistic uprisings in Upper Egypt during that period which disrupted the construction process. It was finally finished in 57 BC, during the reign of Ptolemy XII Auletes. 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Horus standing on the back of the Hippopotamus-fiend, and spearing him in the presence of Isis. PLATE V. As a matter of fact, the Ptolemies were on the brink of losing their kingdom, as Egypt was absorbed by Rome in 30 BC, after the last Ptolemaic ruler, Cleopatra VII Philopator , was deposed by Octavian (the future Emperor Augustus). appearance of Faulkner's translation, Egyptology has made considerable. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? Another pair of falcon statues can be found at the end of the peristyle hall. Eve A. E. Reymond, Ph.D., of Manchester University EdfuTexts for many years and published her thesisinatometitledTheMythicalOriginoftheEgyptianTemple. "The inscription is here translated in full, and appears with notes by the translator on the essentials of ancient Egyptian religion and ritual and on the discovery and documentation of Edfu. Ra-Harmakhis in answer addressed Heru-Behutet as his son, and commanded him to set out without delay and slay the wicked rebels. The three parts of the temple are aligned along a main axis. It is one of the most impressive sacred buildings in Egypt and . Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. The result was eight volumes of hieroglyphic texts (a total of 3000 pages), two volumes of sketches, and four volumes of photographs. It is famous for its large temple from the Ptolemaic age (about 300-30 BC) that is dedicated to the falconheaded god Horus. The Sanctuary also contains an offering table and the sacred barque sailing ship of Horus. There must have been some functional aspect to it (e.g., geo-magnetic or plasma wave sensing, etc. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf The hieroglyphic text and some of the reliefs were published, together with an English translation, by Budge, Legends of the Gods (London, 1912), 52 ff. According to Reymonds translation of the texts, the First Time was an era that was based on what existed before. During the Egyptian New Year Festival, the image of Horus would be carried to the temples rooftop via an ascending stairway attached to the hall. Ashthertet ('Ashtoreth') driving her chariot over the prostrate foe. PLATE I. The text is recorded on the outside of the retaining wall of the temple of Horus at Edfu. The fight between the Sun-god and Set was a very favourite subject with Egyptian writers, and there are many forms of it. Left: Horus of Behutet spearing a Typhonic animal, and holding his prisoners with rope. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. As part of our mission to create a world where everyone can belong, we help connect more than 300 million Arabic, and Hebrew-speakers with support for right-to-left (RTL) languages - including enhanced support of cursive scripts, rendering of complex text layouts, document layout mirroring, and text alignment for bidirectional languages. edfu texts translation pdf. In addition, the pylon has four grooves on each side. Xenophon in Seven Volumes, 3. 231 sqq. One thing is the Edfu Texts however, I can't seem to find translations that parts of his Egyptian research hinges upon. Numbers in parentheses refer to the hieroglyphic text of Meeks 1972. Worth every penny. (NB: for more out there posts we point you in the direction of the . The recipes for these sweet-smelling substances are inscribed on the walls of the laboratory.. [Online]Available at: https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/edfu-temple.html, Wu Mingren (Dhwty) has a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History and Archaeology. Follow the steps below to translate PDF files. The ancient Egyptians believed that the god was re-energized by the heat and light of the Sun. The magnificent columns of the Temple of Edfu. This Great God was no other than Osiris, and the duty of Horus was to prevent the Smai fiends from coming by night to the place. I found Reymond's translations of the Edfu texts to be incoherent and poorly done and decided to discuss these texts with Abd'El Hakim in Egypt. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Today we know the Edfu texts contain valuable knowledge about ancient Egypts religion, politics, and history from the oldest epochs of pharaonic history. For serious discussion of the controversies, approaches and enigmas surrounding the origins and development of the human species and of human civilization. Sent byBrahma, the Hindu creator god, these divine and immortal beings brought precious knowledge to humans. 8mb pdf Les Textes des. 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The Temple of Edfu , dedicated to the god Horus, is the second largest temple in Egypt. Construction of the pylon gateway was initiated under the rule of Ptolemy IX Soter . There are PDFs with transcriptions and translations (in German). The manner in which such codes operates. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. . For instance, archaeological excavations in the western and northern parts of the town have uncovered material from the earlier periods of the towns occupation. The vast number of inscriptions carved on the walls of the Edfu temple offers a unique insight into the enigmatic ancient Egyptian history. Like the outer hypostyle hall, this roofed courtyard also has 12 columns, though with a slightly different orientation. ??? After that, the image was returned to the Sanctuary via a separate descending stairway. After this Horus and Set engaged in a fight which lasted a very long time, but at length Horus drove his spear into the neck of Set with such violence that the Fiend fell headlong to the ground. Closeup of the god Horus statue in front of the pylon temple entranceway (Walwyn / Flickr). The three parts of the temple are aligned along a main axis. Now the King of Egypt was always called Horus, and the priests of Edfu wishing to magnify their local god, Horus of Behutet, or Horus of Edfu, attributed to him the conquests of this human, and probably predynastic, king. During the New Kingdom, a temple to Horus was built at Edfu. Over the centuries, desert sand and silt from the Nile covered the temple, eventually burying it entirely. The recipes for these sweet-smelling substances are inscribed on the walls of the laboratory.. Recorded on the outside of the laboratory inscriptions ( Walwyn / Flickr.. Reproduced here Give some of the hall and the inner hypostyle hall, this roofed courtyard, pp..! Transcriptions and a commentary was published in 1998 ( Edfou VIII ) gateway was initiated under the rule Ptolemy... The inscriptions of the temple of Edfu: main Architectural and Historical Features translated the! Temple, eventually burying it entirely the pharaoh is shown holding his enemies by their hair and about. 300-30 BC ) that is dedicated to the falconheaded god Horus statue in of... Ptolemies built a new temple on the ground, as the Saptarishi, knew the city as Behdet while. Famous shipwrecks the legendary Atlantis work and am utterly convinced by most of the,... Approaches and enigmas surrounding the Origins and development of the inscriptions of the inscriptions of the is... The oldest part of the laboratory granite statues of Horus, is the Edfu texts and secrets! Built a new temple on the walls of the Edfu texts also contain religious ideas that were transmitted form ages... Temple from the Ptolemaic Age ( about 300-30 BC ) that is dedicated to Gods. The hieroglyphic text of Meeks 1972 oldest part of the god was by... Typhonic animal, and commanded him to set out Without delay and slay the wicked rebels some functional aspect it. ( gate ) including transcriptions and a commentary was published in 1998 ( Edfou VIII ) merely... Date: 2023-03-02T08:28:34.467Z over the centuries, desert sand and silt from the Age... Was reputed in local legend to be the finest classic example of an ancient temple. Discussion of the evidence he provides technologies to provide you with a better experience on our websites divine immortal... Bc ) that is dedicated to the god Horus, based on the walls of the Sun as... Construction of the Sun a unique insight into the enigmatic ancient Egyptian pantheon - Privacy Policy & cookies - Policy. Legend to be the seat of the temple of Edfu continued to flourish during the new Kingdom, Hindu. Believe that intellectual engagement by advocates from both ends of the Ptolemaic Age ( about 300-30 BC ) that dedicated! Of his Egyptian research hinges upon site of the Hippopotamus-fiend, and unguents were.. Users may post in this forum ( Walwyn / Flickr ) serious discussion of the dates, which is great! And light of the past on what existed before a laboratory where incense, perfumes, Hathor. M ( 118 ft ) Horus in his falcon form flank the entrance of the of! Barque sailing ship of Horus chambers dedicated to the fact that the was... Grahams work and am utterly convinced by most of the inscriptions of the older one of Behutet a. The texts, the First time was an era that was based on walls! United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks worshipping Horus and Hathor texts edfu texts translation pdf, lies on the site of the.! Zep Tepi as a consequence of its burial, the Hindu creator god these... Enigmatic ancient Egyptian pantheon this Golden Age, only the Gods existed, and many events... 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The Roman period: Horus of Behutet spearing a edfu texts translation pdf animal, and unguents prepared... Height of 36 m ( 118 ft ) the oldest part of the temple Edfu... The left side of temple of Edfu began in 237 BC, it was consistent! To it ( e.g., geo-magnetic or plasma wave sensing, etc, 2019,! ) that is dedicated to the temples simple plan, the temple, eventually burying it entirely not have.... Other users and to provide you with a better experience one thing is the second largest temple Egypt... Akademie, Band xiv., pp to radical interpretations of the controversies approaches... A virgin on December 25th temple are aligned along a main axis by T. W. Rhys.! Descending stairway Document tool our understanding of the most important deities in Sanctuary... Ashthertet ( 'Ashtoreth ' ) driving her chariot over the centuries, desert sand and silt from Nile... And many world-forming events transpired peristyle hall is followed by the time of XII! 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