slavery in haywood county, tennessee

The 1850 slave schedule was used in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia. Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson, Jefferson, It gives the county and location, a description of the house, the number of acres owned, and the number of cabins of former slaves. Freedmans Savings and Trust Company signature cards or registers from 3 March 1865 to 25 July 1874 may list the name of the depositor, date of entry, age, birthplace, residence, complexion, name of employer or occupation, wife or husbands name, death information, childrens names, name of father and mother, brothers and sisters names, remarks, and signature. Haywood County, Tennessee, in the heart of the Tennessee Delta in the western grand division was created in 1823 from Indian lands, is named in honor of John Haywood (1762-1826), North Carolina Superior Court and Tennessee Supreme Court judge, author of Civil & Political History of Tennessee, father of Tennessee history. The county is generally level or gently undulating. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000", "2017 Census of Agriculture County Profile", $40M approved for West TN megasite development, "Ford to invest $5.6 billion in Memphis-area Megasite to build electric vehicles and batteries", "Ford, SK Innovation to invest $5.6B in Memphis Regional Megasite", Biography at 7digital.com from the Encyclopedia of Popular Music accessed February 2008, "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections", The Goodspeed History Haywood County, Tennessee, 1887, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haywood_County,_Tennessee&oldid=1142155154, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 20:32. This database provides details about those persons, including age, sex, and color, but unfortunately, most schedules omit personal names. Nutbush is best known as the childhood home of singer Tina Turner, then known as Anna Mae Bullock. and in Haywood and Cobb, Statute Laws of Tennessee, I, 314. Phone: (901) 521-9699, Bessie Smith Cultural Center For every 100 females there were 87.80 males. and Union Counties), Reel 1277 - 1860 Tennessee - Van Categories: Tennessee, Slavery | Haywood County, Tennessee. [15], In 1881, a U.S. Post office was opened in Nutbush; it was closed in 1905. [13][14], Woodlawn Baptist Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 for its historical significance. Gleaning Information about Enslaved Ancestors from Probate Files NGS Magazine 48 #2 (April-June 2022): 2327. Haywood County, Tennessee, in the heart of the Tennessee Delta in the western grand division was created in 1823 from Indian lands, is named in honor of John Haywood (1762-1826), North Carolina Superior Court and Tennessee Supreme Court judge, author of Civil & Political History of Tennessee, father of Tennessee history. Updates: Email: info@bessiesmithcc.org The Trinity Cemetery is mentioned on the Rootsweb Internet site as one of the best-kept cemeteries in the county. Trains first came to Tennessee in 1846. The notices are listed chronologically. The largest industry in Haywood County is agriculture. [19][20], One of Haywood County's most notable residents was Sleepy John Estes, a blues guitarist songwriter and vocalist. In 1909 Brownsville built a public Ladies Rest Room, the first such known facility in Tennessee, to accommodate the needs of farmwives as they shopped in town. For example, he owned or invested as a silent partner in a variety of mercantile establishments in the county seat of Brownsville. The following is a list of free black heads of household living in Tennessee counties at the time the 1820 U.S. Federal Census was taken (census records do not survive for all counties that year): Gale Williams Bamman, CG located the following statistics in a book by Historian Ira Berlin:[2], Free African American Population in Antebellum Tennessee. Fentress, Franklin, Gibson, Giles, Grainger, Greene, Grundy, His parents were Robert and Georgianna McElwee. To browse this image set, select from the options below. Montgomery and Morgan Counties), Reel 1267 - 1860 Tennessee - Obion Giles County), Reel 1252 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - Robertson and Sevier Counties), Reel 1271 - 1860 Tennessee - [18] On September 27, 2021, it was announced that Ford and SK Innovation would construct a complex at the megasite called "Blue Oval City" to manufacture electric vehicles and batteries. These are primarily runaway slave notices, but also include slave listings from trustee sales. Charles A. Reeves Jr. has created a detailed map, based on the 1860 U.S. Federal Census, illustrating the distribution of slaves throughout Tennessee just before the Civil War broke out. For much of the county's history, agriculture, especially growing cotton as a commodity, was the basis of the local economy, as it was throughout western Tennessee, which was in the Mississippi Valley. Counties), Reel 0525 - 1840 Tennessee - Greene, Grainger, and Hamilton Slavery Project Freedmen's Bureau Reparations Slave Narratives Slave Owners Slave Records Slave Records By County Underground Railroad US Slavery by State Choose State Subscribe Affidavits Affidavits related to the 1866 Memphis, Tennessee Riot Conditions Report of Conditions Trenton, Tennessee Report of Conditions LaGrange, Tennessee Tennessee's Indian Peoples: From White Contact to Removal, 1540-1840. Youtube Bamman, Gale Williams. Commr. Ridley and Mann Wills established the Haywood County Memorial Hospital in 1930; Methodist Hospital Systems now provides medical services. Free digitized copy. See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. County), Reel 1275 - 1860 Tennessee - Sullivan and Sumner Counties), Reel 1276 - 1860 Tennessee - Tipton Haywood County High School opened in 1911; in 1970 it was closed and a new school was built when the city and county schools consolidated and integrated. WMC's Bria Bolden reports. [1] [4] The largely rural county continues to have a majority-black population. The collection is organized alphabetically by state, then city where the bank was located, then date the account was established, then account number. Records consist of slave importation declarations, plantation records, Tennessee hiring practices, census records, white family records, church and cemetery records, military records, vital records, and numerous Tennessee court records. The state legislature designated Brownsville as the county seat, and in 1823 Thomas M. Johnson sold the county fifty acres of land for the county seat for one dollar and a town lot. Sumner, Tipton, Union, Van Buren, Warren, Washington, Wayne, 403 7th Avenue North As of the census[16] of 2000, there were 19,797 people, 7,558 households, and 5,419 families living in the county. This page has been accessed 246 times. The first Tennessee census that included the names and identities of freed slaves was taken in 1870. All Rights Reserved. and slaves in the household. As of 2006, cotton was processed in one cotton-processing plant in the community. The States Graphic issued its first publication in 1900 and continues publication today. The county seat is Brownsvilleand the county is bordered byCrockett, Madison, Hardeman, Fayette, Tipton, andLauderdalecounties. After Emancipation in 1865, many planters hired freedmen as tenant farmers and sharecroppers to produce the cotton crops, which were still important to the state. The most recent time Haywood County voted for a Republican candidate statewide was in the 2022 gubernatorial election. Johnson, Knox, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lewis, and Lincoln , tennessee-the undersigned was at the june term of your worshipful body appointed commissioners to divide the slave property of the estate of the late charles r. johnson, dec'd. , among . National Civil Rights Museum At best, they provide supporting evidence for a hypothesis derived from other sources. The state legislature designated Brownsville as the county seat. 2.65% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Bledsoe Counties), Reel 0518 - 1840 Tennessee - Carter, Greene, Grundy, and Hancock Counties), Reel 1253 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - Hamilton and Hardeman Lawrence, and Lincoln Counties), Reel 0124 - 1820 Tennessee - Giles, Maury, Rutherford, Shelby, The U.S. ZIP Code for Nutbush is 38063 (Ripley, Tennessee)[2] and the telephone area code is 731. It was established in the early 19th century by European-American settlers who bought enslaved African Americans to develop the area's cotton plantations. Buren, Washington, and Wayne Counties), Reel 1278 - 1860 Tennessee - Weakley Gibson and Grainger Counties), Reel 1251 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - This has been the commodity crop since the antebellum years, when its cultivation depended on slave labor. The houses and churches that were built during this time still stand. Category: Haywood County, Tennessee, Slavery, 1850 Slave Schedule, Haywood County, Tennessee, 1860 Slave Schedule, Haywood County, Tennessee, Slaves of Garland Taliaferro, Haywood, Tennessee, Will and Inventory of George Peyton Eggleston. Welcome to Haywood County, Tennessee, home to the towns of Brownsville and Stanton. Carroll and Cheatham Counties), Reel 1244 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - Hardeman Counties), Reel 0882 - 1850 Tennessee - Hardin In 1846, Hardin Smith, who was from Virginia, was allowed to preach to a black congregation at an evening service at the white Woodlawn Church; it was the first time an area congregation was pastored by an enslaved person. Lauderdale, Lawrence, and Lewis Counties) -, Reel 1261 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - Reel 1283 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lewis, Lincoln, McMinn, McNairy, and Macon Counties) Reel 1284 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - Madison, Marion, Marshall, Maury, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Obion, Overton, Perry, Polk, and Putnam Counties) Counties), Reel 0531 - 1840 Tennessee - Lincoln, After the abolition of slavery, freedmen worked at sharecropping as the primary means of income. Trinity United Methodist Church in Nutbush, Haywood County, Tennessee was founded in 1822. He was the last recorded lynching victim in the state. Entdecke Zivile und politische Geschichte des Staates Tennessee von Haywood, John, Marke. Nutbush is situated on the southeastern edge of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, an area with a high earthquake risk. Although declining in number (there were only 297 cotton gins operating in Tennessee in 1972), cotton gins still dot the landscape of Haywood County. The Dunbar School for African American children became Haywood County Training School around 1920, then Carver High School in 1950. Written in 1922, this book can be viewed as treating slavery without a degree of compassion and understanding, but it is valuable for its information about the slavery system and laws in Tennessee. Henderson and Henry Counties), Reel 1257 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - County), Reel 0902 - 1850 Tennessee Slave - Anderson, Bedford, Benton, [18] She was raised in Nutbush, Knoxville, and Ripley by her maternal grandmother and extended family in the area. and Greene Counties), Reel 0881 - 1850 Tennessee - Grundy, Hamilton, Hancock, and On June 20, 1940, Elbert Williams, an African American, was killed in Brownsville for "attempting to qualify to vote" and "an interest in Negro affairs. See: Slave Records By County, American Slavery: Underground Railroad [3] Haywood County was later reduced in size, when both Lauderdale and Crockett counties were created from its territory. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. Counties), Reel 0905 - 1850 Tennessee Slave - McMinn, McNairy, Macon, Please note that this collection contains sensitive information about enslaved people. The county's first Sunday school opened in Brownsville in 1831. [citation needed] Agriculture and agri-related businesses contributed more than $130,000million to the Haywood County economy in 2004. The racial makeup of the county was 51.05% Black or African American, 46.73% White, 0.12% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.38% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. In Tennessee Reconstruction (1865-1896) black men (including ones from Fayette, Haywood and Shelby counties) gained election to the state legislature; however, in 1890, a Fayette County. Bond and two brothers moved from Bertie County, North Carolina, to the Forked Deer region of West Tennessee and rapidly acquired large landholdings in Haywood County. The Negro in Tennessee, 1790-1865. County), Reel 1281 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - Anderson, Bedford, Benton, There were 8,086 housing units at an average density of 15 per squaremile (6/km2). Whether you are looking for our generations of musical heritage, the intriguing tales and sites of our storied history, the escape of our Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge or our world-famous food, we've got you covered. Today, several manufacturers employ local residents in industries ranging from the production of riding lawn mowers to the manufacture of vinyl garden hoses, PVC pipe fittings, and powdered ball bearings. Bledsoe, Blount, Bradley, Campbell, Cannon, Carroll, Carter, and Henderson Counties), Reel 0884 - 1850 Tennessee - Henry, Salt Lake City, Utah . Profiles are placed in this category with this text [[Category:Haywood County, Tennessee, Slavery]] . In 1909, $7,500 from Andrew Carnegie's library program built a free public library, which was replaced in 1992 with the Elma Ross Library. Instagram Carroll, Dyer, Fayette, and Gibson Counties), Reel 0522 - 1840 Tennessee - Hardin, Hardeman, Haywood, webteam@blackwallstreet.org, Communications Office In addition to investing heavily in land and slaves, Bond participated in a variety of other economic endeavors. Clover Bottom. Hickman, and Humphreys Counties), Reel 0885 - 1850 Tennessee - Jackson and Washington Counties), Reel 0899 - 1850 Tennessee - Wayne and Weakley Counties), Reel 0900 - 1850 Tennessee - White In 1828 Hiram Bradford began operation of the county's first cotton gin. A county executive and county court governs the county. All Rights Reserved. Claiborne, Cocke, and Cumberland Counties), Reel 1245 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - Coffee County), Reel 1246 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - During the slavery years, black enslaved people were forced to attend the church under white supervision. Macon, Madison, and Marion Counties), Reel 1264 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - Maury County), Reel 1265 - 1860 Tennessee Slave - ", Waldrep, G.C. In 1859 his five plantations yielded more than one thousand bales of cotton and nearly twenty-two thousand bushels of corn. Bullock was born in nearby Brownsville on November 26, 1939. Youtube, Freedmen's Bureau Report of Outrages in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Freedmen's Bureau - Tennessee Register of Outrages Oct. 1865 - July 1868. Online Edition 2002 ~ 2021, The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee. Lawrence Counties), Reel 0887 - 1850 Tennessee - Lewis, Lincoln, and McMinn Its county seat and largest city is Brownsville. 31st 1867, Index to Freedmen's labor contracts between Tennessee Freedmen and employers in various states, Index to Freedmen's labor contracts between Tennessee Freedmen and employers in Crittenden County, Arkansas, Index to Freedmen's labor contracts between Tennessee Freedmen and employers in Alabama, Index to Freedmen's labor contracts between Tennessee Freedmen and employers in Louisiana, Index to Freedmen's labor contracts between Tennessee Freedmen and employers in Arkansas, Index to Freedmen's labor contracts between Tennessee Freedmen and employers in Kentucky, Index to Freedmen's labor contracts in Fayette County, Tennessee, Index to Freedmen's Labor Contracts, Memphis & Charleston Railroad, Index to contracts between Tennessee freedmen and employers in Mississippi County, Arkansas, Index to contracts between Tennessee freedmen and employers in Arkansas County, Arkansas, Miscellaneous Freedmen's Labor Contracts - Tennessee, Miscellaneous Freedmen Work Contracts - Tennessee, Freedmen's Bureau Indenture Agreements The facility, which is expected to be operational in 2025, will cost approximately $5.6 billion, making it the most expensive single investment in state history, and employ approximately 5,700. This page was last edited on 13 February 2023, at 10:06. The federal manuscript census for 1860 estimated his total wealth at just under $800,000. The Tennessee State Library and Archives in Nashville offers several free online research guides for tracing Tennessee African Americans in their collection: African Americans were generally buried in race-specific cemeteries. Claiborne, Cocke, Coffee, Davidson, Decatur, De Kalb, Dickson, Named for Judge John Haywood, Haywood County was part of Madison County when the Tennessee General Assembly created it in 1823-24. Library and Archives Workshop: Runaways, Coffles and Fancy Girls: A History of Slavery in Tennessee. and Dyer Counties), Reel 0903 - 1850 Slave - Fayette, See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. Nutbush is best known as the childhood home of singer Tina Turner, who described the town in her 1973 song "Nutbush City Limits". Of Conditions & Affairs Concerning Freedmen in the Sub District of Nashville, Tennessee, Special Report on the late riot at Franklin, Tennessee, July 6, 1867, Complaint Books of the Freedmen's Court in the Memphis District, Freedmen's Bureau Indenture of Apprenticeships - Hardeman County, Tennessee, Freedmen's Bureau Indentures for Rutherford County, Tennessee, Freedmen's Bureau Apprenticeships in Shelby County, Tennessee, Freedmens Bureau Indenture of Apprenticeship Bonds - Dickson County, Tennessee, Freedmens Bureau Indenture of Apprenticeship Bonds - Dyer County, Tennessee, Freedmen's Bureau Indenture of Apprenticeship Bonds for Madison County, Tennessee, Bolivar, Tennessee Indenture Bond, Balaam Fentress, Frances Fentress and Levi Chesheir, Freedmen's Bureau Indenture Bonds - Anson County, North Carolina (Contracts to work in Tennessee), Report of Transportation issued by Bvt. See: American Slavery: Underground Railroad, Web Team Office In 1872 a gas works came to Brownsville, and the city received natural gas in 1934. [2] It is one of only two remaining counties in Tennessee, along with Shelby County, with a majority African-American population. Valuation of the Negroes of the Estate of David Peeples, Deceased. Welcome to the Haywood County TNGenWeb site! Greene, Cocke, Jefferson, and Grainger Counties), Reel 0181 - 1830 Tennessee - Shelby, Smith, Sumner, Stewart, and Stewart Counties), Reel 1273 - 1860 Tennessee - Shelby Timber is abundant and of good quality, consisting of hickory, ash, gum, poplar, walnut and . Early schools were subscription schools, and public schools were not available until 1897. A few parish registers list slaves who attended church with their masters. The population density was 37 people per square mile (14/km2). Slavery Written by Anita S. Goodstein 7 minutes to read In the 1760s Anglo-American frontiersmen, determined to settle the land, planted slavery firmly within the borders of what would become Tennessee. Free Negroes without certificates of . These records can be found in the collections below and include the lists of marriages that occurred previously, marriage certificates, and marriage licenses. Temple Adas Israel (1882) stands as a reminder of the migration of Jews into rural communities in the nineteenth century. This company was created to assist African American soldiers of the Civil War and freed slaves. This is a category for those who held slaves in this county. "[6] He had organized a local chapter of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). Tennessee Wills and Probate Records, 1727-2008 includes Haywood County (Source: Explore Ancestry for free) ($) Ethnic Black Community Leadership in a Rural Tennessee County 1865-1903 (Source: Questia Online Library) ($) Brownsville, Tennessee (Source: Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life) 32, sec. This is a container category for space pages and sub-categories only. As of the 2010 United States Census, 18,787 people were living in the county. Professional genealogist offers advice on tracing African-American roots, Needles and Threads: Piecing Together African American Families, Finding a Name: Why Probate Records are a Gold Mine for African Americans, Do not sell or share my personal information, Fugitive from the State (meaning they were a freedom seeker). Loretto Dennis Szucs and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking (Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1997). There were 7,558 households, out of which 33.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.80% were married couples living together, 22.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.30% were non-families. 1860 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules, Provided in association with National Archives and Records Administration. state archives roll #40 haywood county, tennessee county clerk minutes volume i february 1865-march 1869. source for the following: haywood co. , tn. Haywood County, Tennessee By Sharon Norris $21.99 $15.39 Overview Details Author Surviving slavery, Reconstruction, poverty, and the Civil Rights tensions of the twentieth century, Haywood County's black community has done much to shape the identity of this historic West Tennessee county. Claiborne, Cocke, Coffee, Cumberland, Davidson, Decatur, De Nashville,TN 37243 De Kalb, and Dickson Counties), Reel 0877 - 1850 Tennessee - Dyer, Fayette, and Fentress Humphreys, Montgomery, Overton, Perry, Warren, Wayne, White, and Posts about Haywood County written by kblauder. Rhea, Roane, Sullivan, Sevier, and Washington Counties), Reel 0536 - 1840 Tennessee - White and Wayne Counties), Reel 0537 - 1840 Tennessee - Williamson, Wilson, and Warren Surviving slavery, Reconstruction, poverty, and the Civil Rights tensions of the twentieth century, Haywood County's black community has done much to shape the identity of this historic West Tennessee county. 450 Mulberry St. Madison, Marion, Marshall, Maury, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Name index and images of slave schedules listing slave owners and only age, gender and color data of the slaves in cesus states or territories in 1850. [17], In 2009, under the leadership of Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen and Haywood County Mayor Franklin Smith, a 3,836-acre (1,552ha) tract in southwestern Haywood County near Stanton was designated for a state-supported industrial "megasite," intended for a large-scale industrial or business development such as an automobile assembly plant. 3.8% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). Google Haywood County is situated on the southeastern edge of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, an area with a high earthquake risk. Stewart, and Sumner Counties), Reel 0535 - 1840 Tennessee - Polk, Online collections of Freedman's Bank records: The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was created by the US government in 1865 until 1872 to assist former slaves in the southern United States. and Overton Counties), Reel 1268 - 1860 Tennessee - Perry, Polk, and Rhea Counties), Reel 1269 - 1860 Tennessee - Putnam and Roane Counties), Reel 1270 - 1860 Tennessee - Search for "FREEDMEN - TENNESSEE" in the Subjects search bar to find. County), Reel 1279 - 1860 Tennessee - White They established their own regional and national associations by the end of the century. Phone: (423) 266-8658, Tennessee State Library and Archives Stewart, and Sumner Counties), Reel 0125 - 1820 Tennessee - Robertson, Smith, and Williamson Lawrence, and Marshall Counties), Reel 0532 - 1840 Tennessee - Montgomery and Maury Counties), Reel 0533 - 1840 Tennessee - Overton, Rutherford, and Robertson Counties), Reel 0526 - 1840 Tennessee - Hawkins, Johnson, and Jefferson Planters allowed their slaves to attend church with them. Madison, Marion, Marshall, Maury, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, and Freedmen's Bureau - Tennessee Register of Outrages Oct. 1865 - July 1868, List of Outrages Perpetrated by the Whites Upon The Freedmen in the State of Tennessee from April 1865 to March 1866, List of Refugees, Their Wants & Conditions for Transporting - Tennessee, Tennessee report Bounty claims and disbursements paid in February 1868, Slave Records By State This page has been accessed 858 times. The former college's Center Building now houses a comprehensive Lincoln Collection and the Haywood County Museum. Communities in the early 19th century by European-American settlers who bought Enslaved Americans... But also include slave listings from trustee sales lawrence Counties ), Reel 1277 - 1860 Tennessee -,. Public schools were subscription schools, and public schools were subscription schools, and,... Migration of Jews into rural communities in the county is bordered byCrockett, Madison,,. Rural communities in the early 19th century by European-American settlers who bought Enslaved African Americans to develop the area cotton. Was processed in one slavery in haywood county, tennessee plant in the nineteenth century details about those persons, age... They provide supporting evidence for a Republican candidate statewide was in the nineteenth century of! Twenty-Two thousand bushels of corn sex, and color, but also include slave from! 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Time still stand Tennessee, Slavery | Haywood county, Tennessee, Grainger, Greene, Grundy, his were! Cotton was processed in one cotton-processing plant in the state their own regional and national associations by the of. Manuscript census for 1860 estimated his total wealth at just under $ 800,000 was the! Of cotton and nearly twenty-two thousand bushels of corn until 1897 - schedules! Select from the options below people ) was opened in nutbush ; it was in. Cotton and nearly twenty-two thousand bushels of corn his parents were Robert Georgianna... Evidence for a hypothesis derived from other sources variety of mercantile establishments in the gubernatorial! Dennis Szucs and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking ( Salt Lake city: Ancestry, 1997 ) 1850 Tennessee - Lewis Lincoln! Any race Franklin, Gibson, Giles, Grainger, Greene, Grundy, his parents were Robert Georgianna! Federal manuscript census for 1860 estimated his total wealth at just under $ 800,000 in 1930 ; Hospital. Established in the 2022 gubernatorial election Church with their masters a majority African-American population for space pages sub-categories! The century sex, and public schools were subscription schools, and color, unfortunately!