Genetics 160:16511656, Kato K, Miura H, Akiyama M, Kuroshima M, Sawada S (1998) RFLP mapping of the three major genes, Vrn1, Q and B1, on the long arm of chromosome 5A of wheat. The earliest present evidence for the utilization of wheat comes from the Ohalo II site in Israel, where the wild, brittle tetraploid wheat Triticum dicoccoides, dated as 19,000 years old, was found, suggesting the initial steps towards sedentism and cereal agriculture (Kislev et al. Common or bread wheat Triticum aestivum accounts for some 95 percent of all the consumed wheat in the world today; the other five percent is made up of durum or hard wheat T. turgidum ssp. Video 1. Want to create or adapt books like this? Genome Res 10:15091531, Peng JH, Ronin Y, Fahima T, Rder MS, Li YC, Nevo E, Korol A (2003) Domestication quantitative trait loci in Triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of wheat. The combination of the A, B, and D genomes led to common bread wheat, which has all three genomes. Funct Integr Genomics 8:3342, Levy AA, Feldman M (2004) Genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of the wheat genome upon allopolyploidization. Ecological genomics of natural plant populations: the Israeli perspective. Genetics 143:10011012, Gill KS, Gill BS, Endo TR, Taylor T (1996b) Identification and high-density mapping of gene-rich regions in chromosome 1 of wheat. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14228-4_10, Nevo E, Beiles A (1989) Genetic diversity of wild emmer wheat in Israel and Turkey: structure, evolution and application in breeding. Domestication makes all the cultivars, including wheat, human-dependent, capable of surviving only under cultivation in human agricultural niches to meet human needs (Gustafson et al. Video 4. Synthetic hexaploid lines have been shown to be useful sources of variation for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, as well as agronomic and novel grain quality traits. Scientific Reports 9:12355. These includes genes for resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew, Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum, tan spot, cyst nematode, root knot nematode, Hessian fly, greenbug, Russian wheat aphid, wheat curl mite, and soil-borne cereal mosaic virus. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. Nat Rev Genet 3:241251, Rder MS, Korzun V, Wendehake K, Plaschke J, Tixier MH et al (1998) A microsatellite map of wheat. Dioscorides Press, Portland, pp 165191, Chapter tauschii (DD), but using a much broader range of Ae. Correspondence to Science 413:12981301, van Zeist W, Bakker-Heeres JAH (1985) Archaeological studies in the Levant 1. Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. Wheat geneticists and breeders have a long history of identifying useful genes in wild wheat relatives and incorporating them into improved varieties. When was the first domestication of wheat? Wheat is one of the most important grain crops in the world, and consists mainly of two types: the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) accounting for about 95% of world wheat production, and the tetraploid durum wheat (T. durum) accounting for the other 5%. Crop Sci 43:14931505, Cao W, Scoles GJ, Hucl P (1997) The genetics of rachis fragility and glume tenacity in semi-wild wheat. Theor Appl Genet 71:518526, Sood S, Kuraparthy V, Bai G, Gill BS (2009) The major threshability genes soft glume (sog) and tenacious glume (Tg), of diploid and polyploid wheat, trace their origin to independent mutations at non-orthologous loci. We use cookies so that we can give you the best experience on our website. https://www.thoughtco.com/wheat-domestication-the-history-170669 (accessed March 1, 2023). CAS Wiley, Danvers, pp 530, Hancock JF (2005) Contributions of domesticated plant studies to our understanding of plant evolution. ThoughtCo, Jun. Genet Res Crop Evol 45:2125, Cockram J, Jones H, Leigh FJ, OSullivan D, Powell W, Laurie DA, Greenland AJ (2007) Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication, and sustainable productivity. 2021 Jun 2;2(2):156-169. doi: 10.1007/s42994-021-00039-0. Wheats D genome ancestor is the goatgrass Aegilops tauschii, which occurs across a broad range of the Middle East and Asia from Syria to China. The culture generally associated with the introduction of wheat and other crops from Asia to Europe is generally the Lindearbandkeramik (LBK) culture, which may have been made up of part immigrant farmers and part local hunter-gatherers adapting new technologies. Thus, the D genome is the least genetically diverse of wheats three genomes. Israel J Plant Sci 55:207221, Feldman M, Sears ER (1981) The wild gene resources of wheat. Biol Rev 80:589610, Paterson AH, Lin YR, Li Z, Schertz KF, Doebley JF, Pinson SRM, Liu SC, Stansel JW, Irvine JE (1995) Convergent domestication of cereal crops by independent mutations at corresponding genetic loci. It is estimated that wheat provides about 20% of the energy in global diets and about the same percentage of protein (WHEAT, 2014). Mol Biol Evol 23:13861396, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Akhunov ED (2011) N.I. According to French botanist Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the domestication process also caused multiple changes in the plant that were generated indirectly. LBK is typically dated in Europe between 54004900 BCE. 2008. Rosyara U, Kishii M, Payne T, Sansaloni CP, Singh RP, Braun H-J, Dreisigacker S. 2019. It differs from wild wheat in that it has non-shattering spikes, an adaptation that allows the plant to better retain its seeds and to be harvested more easily. Erschliessung Palstinas 78:213220, Akhunov ED, Akhunova AR, Anderson OD, Anderson JA, Blake N, Clegg MT, Coleman-Derr D, Conley EJ, Crossman CC, Deal KR, Dubcovsky J, Gill BS, Gu YQ, Hadam J, Heo H, Huo N, Lazo GR, Luo MC, Ma YQ, Matthews DE, McGuire PE, Morrell PL, Qualset CO, Renfro J, Tabanao D, Talbert LE, Tian C, Toleno DM, Warburton ML, You FM, Zhang W, Dvorak J (2010) Nucleotide diversity maps reveal variation in diversity among wheat genomes and chromosomes. ThoughtCo. Dr. Patrick Byrne shows harvested heads of the A, B, and D ancestors of wheat, and explains the strategy of creating synthetic hexaploid wheat to increase diversity of cultivated wheat. Wheat is a grain crop with some 25,000 different cultivars in the world today. The Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, where wheat and many other crops were domesticated. Google Scholar, zkan H, Brandolini A, Pozzi C, Effgen S, Wunder J, Salamini F (2005) A reconsideration of the domestication geography of tetraploid wheats. In: Padulosi S, Hammer K, Heller J (eds) Hulled wheats. This change was possible because of a random mutation in the wild populations at the beginning of wheat's cultivation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Other characteristics considered included spike size, growing season, plant height and grain size. Plant Breed 122:489492, Kellogg EA (2001) Evolutionary history of the grasses. Crop Science 51:1617-1626. BMC Genomics 11:727, Chen QF, Yen C, Yang JL (1998) Chromosome location of the gene for brittle rachis in the Tibetan weedrace of common wheat. 2013 Annual Report, CGIAR Research Program on Wheat, Mexico D.F., Mexico. Junhua H. Peng. Domestication of these crops from their wild ancestors required the evolution of traits useful to humans Peng, J.H., Sun, D. & Nevo, E. Domestication evolution, genetics and genomics in wheat. Vavilovs theory of centers of diversity in light of current understanding of wheat diversity, domestication and evolution. Hirst, K. Kris. These lines can be grown and evaluated like normal wheat in hopes of finding improvements in qualitative or quantitative traits due to the inserted synthetic hexaploid segments. The Wheat Genetics Resource Center at Kansas State University has been a leader in collecting, conserving, and exploiting wild wheat relatives for crop improvement. Paestum, pp 2528, Muramatsu M (1963) Dosage effect of the spelta gene q of hexaploid wheat. World Archaeol 42:1328, Gandilian PA (1972) On wild growing Triticum species of Armenian SSR. Dr. Patrick Byrne shows examples of the A, B, and D genome ancestors of wheat, describing wheats evolutionary history, and explaining how wild wheats are relevant to modern wheat breeding. The genome of this diploid species is usually designated AmAm to distinguish it from the lineage that led to hexaploid wheat. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (Patrick.Byrne@colostate.edu). Zang Y, Gong Q, Xu Y, Liu H, Bai H, Li N, Du L, Ye X, Lan C, Wang K. Front Genet. The earliest known use of emmer is its collection from the wild by people living at the Ohalo II archaeological site in Israel about 23,000 years ago. Gepts P. 2018. Part of Springer Nature. Would you like email updates of new search results? Agronomic traits. Novel germplasm resources for improving environmental stress tolerance of hexaploid wheat. Video 2. Google Scholar, Brown AHD (2010) Variation under domestication in plants: 1859 and today. The A genome ancestor of wheat is Triticum urartu, and the B genome is thought to have originated with a close relative of Aegilops speltoides. Trends Genet 19:59, Heun M, Schfer-Pregl R, Klawan D, Castagna R, Accerbi M, Borghi B, Salamini F (1997) Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 2008. Transitions of forms. However, recent DNA studies at Bouldnor Cliff peat bog off the northern coast of the Isle of Wight have identified ancient DNA from what was apparently domesticated wheat. The domestication of wheat around 10,000 years ago marked a dramatic turn in the development and evolution of human civilization, as it enabled the transition from a hunter-gatherer and nomadic pastoral society to a more sedentary agrarian one. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) has been a leader in producing and utilizing synthetic hexaploids, with over 1,500 synthetics developed (Mujeeb-Kazi and Hettel, 1995; Rosyara et al., 2019). In: Volk GM, Byrne P (Eds.) The distribution of wheat outside of its place of origin is part of the process known as "Neolithicization." Frontiers in Plant Science 10:585. Czech J Genet Plant Breed (in press), Elias EM, Steiger KD, Cantrell RG (1996) Evaluation of lines derived from wild emmer chromosome substitutions II. tauschii (DD), giving rise to hexaploid common or bread wheat (T. aestivum), with the AABBDD genome designation. Genetics 149:20072023, Rong J, Millet E, Manisterski J, Feldman M (2000) A new powdery mildew resistance gene: introgression from wild emmer into common wheat and RFLP-based mapping. In this review, we summarize and discuss research on wheat domestication, mainly focusing on recent findings in genetics and genomics studies. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. BMC Genomics 11:702, Article John Murray, London (popular edition in two volumes) 566 p, Doebley J (1989) Isozymic evidence and the evolution of crop plants. National Library of Medicine J World Prehistory 4:157222, Honne BI, Heun M (2009) On the domestication genetics of self-fertilizing plants. Springer, Berlin, pp 317335, Tanksley SD, McCouch SR (1997) Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. In a study of 253 synthetic-derived lines relevant to CIMMYTs breeding and testing program, the average marker-based estimate of the Ae. While there is evidence that the inclusion of wheat and wild grains has expanded peoples diets, some scientists say there is no evidence that these plants were deliberately planted. The sediments formed about 8,000 years ago, several centuries before the European LBK fields. Herb Ricotta rigatoni. Genetic design and statistical power of nested association mapping in maize. (2014) to the conclusion that the D genome originated from a hybridization between the A and B genome donors about 5.5 million years ago. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Altneuland Monatsschrift fr die irtschaft. Another type of early wheat called einkorn (T. monococc) was domesticated at the same time, but is not very common today. Wordfence is a security plugin installed on over 4 million WordPress sites. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Madison, Haudry A, Cenci A, Ravel C, Bataillon T, Brunel D, Poncet C, Hochu I, Poirier S, Santoni S, Glemin S, David J (2007) Grinding up wheat: a massive loss of nucleotide diversity since domestication. According to botanist Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the domestication process indirectly caused multiple changes in the plant. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp 102118, Piperno DR, Weiss E, Holst I, Nadel D (2004) Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis. tauschii contribution to those lines was 17.4% (Rosyara et al., 2019). Springer, Berlin, pp 163199, Kuckuck H (1959) Neuere Arbeiten zur Entstehung der hexaploiden Kulturweizen. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Genetics 48:469482, Nalam V, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Kianian SF, Riera-Lizarazu O (2006) Map based analysis of genes affecting the brittle rachis character in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum). Genes from Aegilops species and other wild relatives have been extremely important for improving a number of traits in wheat, especially disease resistance. Of these traits, grain retention and threshability, yield improvement, changes to photoperiod sensitivity and nutritional value are most pronounced between wild and domesticated forms. Hereditas 2:237276, Mori N, Ishii T, Ishido T, Hirosawa S, Watatani H, Kawahara T, Nesbitt M, Belay G, Takumi S, Ogihara Y, Nakamura C (2003) Origin of domesticated emmer and common wheat inferred from chloroplast DNA fingerprinting. The process of developing synthetic hexaploid wheat is diagrammed in Figure 3. In: Feuillett C, Muelbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. These chromosome sets are designated the A, B, and D genomes, each with seven pairs of chromosomes. Photo credit: Pat Byrne. Domestication has genetically not only transformed the brittle rachis, tenacious glume and non-free threshability, but also modified yield and yield components in wheat. spelta) was widely cultivated in Europe until the 20 th century when it was largely replaced by bread wheat due to the agronomic superiority of the latter; however, spelt is still grown to a limited extent in Central Europe, particularly on marginal land, and may provide a Theor Appl Genet 119:341351, Spielmeyer W, Richards RA (2004) Comparative mapping of wheat chromosome 1AS which contains the tiller inhibition gene (tin) with rice chromosome 5S. Genetics 164:311321, PubMed Mol Ecol 11:24532465, Li YC, Fahima T, Rder MS, Kirzhner VM, Beiles A, Korol AB, Nevo E (2003) Genetic effects on microsatellite diversity in wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) at the Yehudiyya microsite, Israel. 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