Newspapers, some of which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views. Similar status was acquired by the Northern Region two years later. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1012. He shows that, long before the growth of a mass independence movement in the wake of the second world war, there was considerable opposition to colonial rule. This is what happened in 1929 when Igbo and Ibibio market women in Owerri and Calabar (Nigeria) made war against warrant chiefs and colonial authorities over issues of taxation and colonial administration. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. [53] The first five heads of the Nigeria Department (18981914) were Reginald Antrobus, William Mercer, William Baillie Hamilton, Sydney Olivier, and Charles Strachey. Jaja of Opobo allied with hrs old friends namely Alobo and Onaba to resist the British colonialists in the Niger Delta states. "Specifically, the Company sought to secure the cooperation of the traditional rulers in ensuring peaceful conditions for trade. Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. When direct Portuguese contacts in the region were withdrawn, however, the influence of the Catholic missionaries waned. Beecroft was the British representative to Fernando Po, where the African Slave Trade Patrol of the Royal Navy was stationed. Lugard's success in northern Nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. The operations of this force are still not fully known due to a policy of strict secrecy mandated by the British Government. Lagos was annexed as a Crown Colony in 1861 via the Lagos Treaty of Cession.[30]. Colonialism is defined as "control by one power over a dependent area or people.". rebellion. After 1900, Europe began to introduce changes to colonial rule in an effort to increase revenues from the colonies. Revolts in against water rates and the alienation of indigenous land in 1908 and 1911 served to unite native African elites and working class residents. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. With the exception of Brandenburg-Prussia's short-lived attempt to gain a foothold on the West African coast and to participate in the 17th-century transatlantic slave trade, German colonialism began only in the 1880s. These courts contained majorities British members and represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the Bight of Biafra. Acephalous . A more representative system did not appear until 1946, when each geographic group of provinces had its own House of Assembly, with a majority of nonofficial (though not yet all elected) members; there were also a House of Chiefs and, in Lagos, a central Legislative Council. It was not a walk over for the British to conquer Nigeria, some individuals and groups resisted the imposition of colonial rule. The most important innovations in the new charter reinforced the dual course of constitutional evolution, allowing for both regional autonomy and federal union. Some African Christian communities formed their own independent churches. British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but Britain did not effectively occupy the area until 1885. Ajay. [8], Through a progressive sequence of regimes, the British imposed Crown Colony government on much of the area of West Africa which came to be known as Nigeria, a form of rule which was both autocratic and bureaucratic. Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[66]. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship. The 1922 constitution provided Nigerians with the chance to elect a handful of representatives to the Legislative Council. Early on in colonial rule, for example, Nigerians protested the manner in which water rates and head taxes were collected. The Royal Niger Company had its own armed forces. [67], This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to whom obedience was a mark of religious devotion, did not welcome change. Independent Christian churches had emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. A "house" included the extended family of the trader, including retainers and slaves. In 1944 Macaulay and Nnamdi Azikiwe, an Igbo who had been educated in the United States, united more than 40 different groups to establish the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). Between 1919 and 1954 the title reverted to governor. This became the Lagos Constabulary, and subsequently the Nigerian Police Force. Separate legislative bodies, the houses of assembly, were established in each of the three regions to consider local questions and to advise the Lieutenant Governors. The company interfered in the territory along the Niger and the Benue, sometimes becoming embroiled in serious conflicts when its British-led native constabulary intercepted slave raids or attempted to protect trade routes. [] These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers. Afeadie, Philip Atsu. His government guided the country for the next three years, operating with almost complete autonomy in internal affairs. The Eastern region was dominated by Azikiwe and the Western one by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, a Yoruba lawyer who in 1950 founded the Action Group. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. It was a relatively simple adjustment for many Igbo families to transport the oil to rivers and streams that led to the Niger Delta for sale to European merchants. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. Ouidah (now part of Benin) and Lagos were the major ports on the coast. [82], Oil exploration began in 1906 under John Simon Bergheim's Nigeria Bitumen Corporation, to which the Colonial Office granted exclusive rights. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. Several churches were built to serve the Edo community and a small number of African converts. Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 19001906". For this objective, the Company chose to administer the African inhabitants of the Niger Sudan through their traditional rulers and their political institutions. Traditional authorities were co-opted in the north, where the spread of Western education by Christian missionaries was strongly resisted by Muslim leaders. [57], From 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan; it opened in March 1901. Webster, Boahen and Idowu are of the opinion that the conquest of Africa was very simple and that it was carried out with ease. It occurs when one nation subjugates another, conquering its population and exploiting it, often while . An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. Discover how the Mandinka Empire, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, and Nigeria resisted European colonists and the impact each conflict had. Demanding immediate self-government, the Action Group was opposed by the Northern Peoples Congress (NPC), which was composed largely of northerners and headed by several leaders, including Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. The British took an interest in Nigeria because of its resources. Olatunji Ojo, "The Organization of the Atlantic Slave Trade in Yorubaland, ca.1777 to ca.1856", Bouda Etemad, "Economic relations between Europe and Black Africa, Giles D. Short, "Blood and Treasure: The reduction of Lagos, 1851", "Northern Nigeria: The Illo Canceller and Borgu Mail" by Ray Harris in. Among the other major parties, the NCNC took fifty-six seats, winning a majority in both the Eastern and the Western regions, while the Action Group captured only twenty-seven seats. In her . Colonization of Nigeria. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. The . Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Asante Resistance (Ghana) 6. We also understand that the said National African Company (limited) have full power to mine, farm, and build in any portion of our territory. Most of these came from military backgrounds. However, in October 1929 in Oloko a census related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from. In this final section of this module, we will look at four phases of African reaction to . The British answered this activity by attempting to create a more representational colonial system. The Native Administration was headed by the traditional rulersmostly emirs in the north and often obas in the southand their District Heads, who oversaw a larger number of Village Heads. Algeria fought back and eventually was granted self rule and nigeria was put down and never got independance. Further dislocation accompanied the outbreak of World War I. They were instrumental in the development of government diplomacy with the traditional rulers; they spread government propaganda among the indigenous people; and they assisted colonial officials in parleying with native forces at war with government troops. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. Public works, such as harbour dredging and road and railway construction, opened Nigeria to economic development. Laird's efforts were stimulated by the detailed reports of a pioneer German explorer, Heinrich Barth, who travelled through much of Borno and the Sokoto Caliphate, where he recorded information about the region's geography, economy and inhabitants. Author. By an overwhelming majority, voters in the Southern Cameroons opted to join formerly French-administered Cameroon over integration with Nigeria as a separate federated region. 2, p. 211-221. . Non-violent Resistance - In the Year of African Independence, 1961, 17 countries declared themselves independent of colonial powers, most of them non-violently, through protest and/or negotiation . Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. It also means foreign rule on foreign lands. The policy of indirect rule used in Northern Nigeria became a model for British colonies elsewhere in Africa. Hogendorn. During the war, union membership increased sixfold to 30,000. The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule. In the year 1901, Nigeria officially became a part of the huge British Empire. The nationalism that became a political factor in Nigeria during the interwar period derived both from an older political particularism and broad pan-Africanism, rather than from any sense among the people of a common Nigerian nationality. The colony was created through the consolidation of the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. Nigeria: A Country Study. In practice, British administrative procedures under indirect rule entailed constant interaction between colonial authorities and local rulersthe system was modified to fit the needs of each region. [73] An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations. [31], Captain John Glover, the colony's administrator, created a militia of Hausa troops in 1861. Most people under colonialism lived their lives normally until a policy like this came about. Nigeria became an independent state on the October 1, 1960 after being a British colony for over 40 years. . In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the full-scale plantation colonies which existed in the Americas. In 1894 the territory was redesignated the Niger Coast Protectorate and was expanded to include the region from Calabar to Lagos Colony and Protectorate, including the hinterland, and northward up the Niger River as far as Lokoja, the headquarters of the Royal Niger Company. By the 1950s, there were organized nationalist parties that demanded political independence in almost every colony in Africa. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. The incidence of slavery in local societies increased. Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. However, development of the Nigerian oilfields slowed when Bergheim died in a car crash in September 1912. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. The Kikuyu people of Kenya, like most Africans, were laborers with the women doing most work at home while the men found work across the country. If the emirs accepted British authority, abandoned the slave trade, and cooperated with British officials in modernizing their administrations, the colonial power was willing to confirm them in office. The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. The early resistance to colonialism in Africa began in the late 19th century with the increasing unrest in East Africa and several organized groups. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to "induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country".[14]. The council was headed by a Governor. African Resistance to Colonial Rule (Talten, Africana Age) LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE Colonial official A. J. Harding commented in 1913: Sir F. Lugard's proposal contemplates a state which it is impossible to classify. colonizers and passive resistance by refusing to collaborate with the colonizers e .g. [74] The disease first found its home among the many trading ports along the West African coast. It was guerrilla warfare in the case of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya (1952-60) and Zimbabwe's war of independence (1965-79); it was all . [23] Regardless, slavery had decimated the population and fuelled militarisation and chaos, thereby paving the way for more aggressive colonisation.[21][24]. The NPC federal parliamentary leader, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was appointed Prime Minister of Nigeria. Ist October, 2010, marks The 50th anniversary of Nigeria's independence from imperial Britain. He was aware that the Muslim north would present problems, but he had hopes for progress along the lines which he laid down in the south, where he anticipated "general emancipation" leading to a more representative form of government. Instead, the companies had to be content with a monopoly of the export trade in these products. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. Local rulers continued to administer their territories, but consular authorities assumed jurisdiction for the equity courts established earlier by the foreign mercantile communities. Despite these difficulties, the Action Group rapidly built an effective organisation. From Lugard's point of view, clear-cut military victories were necessary because the surrenders of the defeated peoples weakened resistance elsewhere. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. By the mid-1940s, the major ethnic groups had formed such associations as the Igbo Federal Union and the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (Society of the Descendants of Oduduwa), a Yoruba cultural movement, in which Awolowo played a leading role. Chapter 2 argues that following the transformation of the Northern Nigerian region by the Sokoto Jihad in the nineteenth century, Islamic structures provided the crucial structural and ideological frameworks on which the British colonial administrative system was rationalized in the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in the first half of the twentieth century. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. Read suggested they be merged, and more use made of Nigeria's natural resources. A national party, the Nigerian Youth Movement, emerged in 1934, and its members won elections to the Legislative Council. Nigeria's first nationalist movements appeared in the 1920s, and resistance to colonial rule grew over the next three decades. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. To be sure, there were widespread resistances against colonial rule, which include the 'Abd al-Qadir led resistance against the French in Algeria, the Asante King (Prempeh I) led revolt against British colonialists in Ghana, the Maji Maji revolt in Tanganyika, the Ndebele rebellions in Rhodasia, the Ijebu Kingdom and the Opobo resistances in . Other commercial crops, such as cocoa and rubber, were encouraged, and tin was mined on the Jos Plateau. In an era of globalization, leaders of "recognized" nations often discuss the development of indigenous resources without inviting aboriginal leaders to the table. The Action Group was thus the heir of a generation of flourishing cultural consciousness among the Yoruba and also had valuable connections with commercial interests that were representative of the comparative economic advancement of the Western Region. "Separatist Agitations in Nigeria Since 1914." Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. Resistance to colonial rule was mitigated to the extent that local authorities and courts were able to manage affairs. He definitely laid the basis for British claims. This scheme proved unpopular and confusing to many involved parties and was phased out. Decolonization - Jan C. Jansen 2019-06-11 The end of colonial rule in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean was one of the most Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a larger retaliatory force captured Benin City and drove Ovonramwen, the Oba of Benin, into exile. Until he stepped down as Governor-General in 1918, Lugard primarily was concerned with consolidating British sovereignty and with assuring local administration through traditional rulers. [16] Starting in 1740, the British were the primary European slave trafficker from this area. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to their ethnic homelandsas well as by the need for mutual aidthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. At the same time, British scientists were interested in exploring the course and related settlements along the Niger River. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from company hands to the Crown. [36], The company, as was common among European businesses in Africa, paid its native workers in barter. Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. September 1996. Nigeria Table of Contents. France sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803, the same year that it gave up on trying to regain Saint-Domingue from the Haitian Revolution. [19] Ultimately, this became the Royal Niger Company. British colonialism created Nigeria, joining diverse peoples and regions in an artificial political entity along the Niger River. Catholic missionaries were particularly active among the Igbo; the CMS worked among the Yoruba. [45], A campaign against the Sokoto Caliphate began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. Deadly battles broke out sporadically through 1906. British and French traders did a large share of this business until 1807 when they were replaced by the Portuguese and the Spaniards. 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